Novel mineral composition

ABSTRACT

A mineral composition that contains at least about 90 weight percent of headlap granules, at least about 50 weight percent of calcium carbonate, less than about 100 parts per million of a metal selected from the group consisting of arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver, and less than about 100 parts per million of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. This composition, when tested in accordance with ASTM Standard Test D 4977-03, loses less than 5 grams of material.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION

This patent application claims priority based upon applicants' provisional patent application 60/688,460, filed on Jun. 8, 2005. The content of the aforementioned patent application is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

A mineral composition comprised of at least 50 weight percent of calcium carbonate which has superior granule adhesion properties as measured by ASTM Standard Test D 4977-03.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Roofing shingles are comprised of a headlap portion and a butt portion; granules are often used in the headlap portion. Reference may be had, e.g., to U.S. Pat. No. 3,921,358 (a composite asphalt-impregnated felt roofing shingle comprising a rectangular sheet having a headlap portion and a butt portion), U.S. Pat. No. 4,717,614 (a shingle whose headlap portion is coated with a layer of asphaltic material), U.S. Pat. No. 4,900,589 (a process for applying granules to a moving sheet having a headlap area and a butt area for making a shingle roofing product), U.S. Pat. No. 6,358,305 (a process of preparing a darkened headlap for a roofing shingle), and the like. The entire disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

Many abrasive materials, and many roofing granules (such as headlap granules), are made from slag. Processes for making granules from slag are well known. Reference may be had, e.g., to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,615,329, 4,358,415 (method for producing granules form molten metallurgical slags), U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,645 (process for granulation of slag), U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,260 (process and device for producing granulated slag sand from blast furnace slag), U.S. Pat. No. 4,909,837 (process for granulating molten slag), U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,016 (device for atomizing and granulating liquid slags), and the like.

Roofing granules made from coal slag are also well known. Coal slag, and its properties have been widely described in the patent literature. Reference may be had, e.g., to U.S. Pat. No. 3,995,079 (artificial turf-like product), U.S. Pat. No. 4,174,974 (process for converting coal slag into Portland cement), U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,638 (process for the production of ferromanganese), U.S. Pat. No. 4,629,506 (process for the production of ferrochromium), U.S. Pat. No. 4,971,615 (method and means for producing mineral wool), U.S. Pat. No. 5,211,895 (molding process for forming a concrete block) U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,824 (coal slag universal fluid), U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,648 (coating particulate material with a polymer film), U.S. Pat. No. 5,439,056 (coal slag solidification of drilling fluid), U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,361 (method of making an abrasive article), U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,185 (method for treatment of heavy metal contamination), U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,590 (method of making a foraminous abrasive article), U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,913 (method for disposing of waste dust), and the like.

Coal slag is also often referred to as “Cyclone Boiler Slag,” “Cyclone Bottom Ash,” “Bottom Ash,” “Slag Residue,” “Black Jack,” etc. Granules made from such coal slag often contain substantial amounts of toxic metals, such as, e.g., arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver. The concentrations of these metals in a particular matrix may be measured by well known methods such as, e.g., the “Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure” (TCLP), which is described, e.g., in EPA method SW 846-1311.

Heavy metals (such as arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver) are found to contaminate ground water and, when consumed via drinking water and certain injected foods, they accumulate over time in the human body tissue.

Essential metals are required by all organisms in small quantities in order to accomplish specific catalytic functions. However, at levels exceeding these requirements, both essential and non-essential metals can disturb metabolism by binding non-specifically to biomolecules and by inflicting oxidative damage due to their ability to catalyse redox reactions. This can result in the deactivation of essential enzymatic reactions, damage to cellular structures (especially membranes), and DNA modification (mutagenesis). In humans, exposure to high levels of metals can cause acute toxicity symptoms, while long-term exposure to lower levels can trigger allergies and even cancers. In all organisms, uptake, localization, cytoplasmic concentration, and targeting of micronutrient metals must be tightly controlled in order to meet nutritional needs while avoiding damage. Any non-essential metals that enter organisms by virtue of their chemical similarity to nutrient ions must be detoxified and/or excreted.

Metals tend to accumulate in animals and plants. They enter aquatic organisms through body and respiratory surfaces, and by ingestion of particulate matter and water. Toxicity manifests as impairment of metabolic function, with possible changes to the distribution and abundance of populations. Sublethal effects may include changes in morphology, physiology, biochemistry, behavior and reproduction. Massive fish kills can occur when aluminum and iron are mobilized with drainage from acid sulfate soils. The extent of metal uptake, toxicity and bioaccumulation varies depending on the organism, and can be modified by temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and the concentrations of other metals in solution. Accumulation of metals by aquatic organisms (e.g., bivalves and crabs can be a useful indicator of the presence of metals in biologically available forms. If metal levels in organisms are too high for human consumption, shell-fishing waters are closed.

Coal slag and roofing granules made therefrom, are believed to contain one or more of the aforementioned heavy metals. It is not known to what extent, if any, coal slag particles that are disposed within a biological organism degrade and release either heavy metals and/or other contaminants to the biological organism.

It is known, however, that many products derived from coal, such as coal tar, contain substantial amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). As is disclosed in an article by D. James Fitzgerald et al., “Application of Benzo(a)pyrene and Coal Tar Tumor Dose-Response Data to a Modified Benchmark Dose Method of Guideline Development,” Environmental Health Perspectives, Volume 112, Number 14, October, 2004, pages 1341-1346, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . . . are found at a variety of contaminated sites throughout the world from industries such as coal gasification, coke production . . . and cresoste and asphalt production. Some PAHs, for example the well-studied benzo(a)pyrene . . . , are mutagenic and carcinogenic in experimental animals and probably in humans also . . . ” (See page 1341.)

It is an object of this invention to provide granular materials that can function as headlap granules that contain less than about 100 parts per million of leachable heavy metals via EPA method SW 846-1311 but that have good adhesion properties when incorporated into a roofing shingle.

It is another object of this invention to provide granular materials that can function of headlap granules that do not contain any polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons but that have good adhesion properties when incorporated into a roofing shingle.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with this invention, and in one embodiment thereof, there is provided a mineral composition comprised of at least about 90 weight percent of headlap granules, at least about 50 weight percent of calcium carbonate, less than about 100 parts per million of a metal selected from the group consisting from the group consisting of arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver, and less than about 100 parts per million of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, wherein said mineral composition, when tested in accordance with by ASTM Standard Test D 4977-03, loses less than 5 grams of material.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described by reference to the following drawings, in which like numerals refer to like elements, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of one preferred process of the invention; and

FIG. 2 is a schematic of a test apparatus for determining the hydrophobicity of the coated particles of this invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Headlap granules made from coal slag have excellent adhesion properties. However, as described elsewhere in this specification, some have expressed concerns about the safety of coal slag (in general) and of headlap granules made from coal slag. It would be desirable to be able to make headlap granules with good adhesion properties from a more “environmentally friendly” material than coal slag.

Limestone is a substantially more “environmentally friendly” material than coal slag. Thus, e.g., limestone is often fed to chickens as a feed supplement. However, the adhesion properties of limestone granules are often not deemed to be adequate for use in roofing shingles.

Adhesion Properties and Adhesion Testing of Headlap Granules

The adhesion properties of roofing granules is extensively discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,552 (“Method of improving adhesion between roofing granules and asphalt-based material), the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

At lines 37-48 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,552, it is disclosed that “The exterior, outer, or exposed surface of asphalt roofing systems and products is generally provided with a covering of granular material or roofing granules embedded within the coating asphalt. The granular material generally protects the underlying asphalt coating from damage due to exposure to light, in particular ultraviolet (UV) light. That is, the granules reflect light and protect the asphalt from deterioration by photodegradation. In addition, such granular material improves fire resistance and weathering characteristics. Further, colors or mixtures of colors of granular material may be selected for aesthetics.”

The adherence of the roofing granules to the roofing product is discussed at lines 56-63 of column 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,552, wherein it is disclosed that: “Good adherence of the roofing granules to the roofing product is beneficial. Loss of granules reduces the life of the roof, since it is associated with acceleration of photodegradation of the asphalt. In addition, the aesthetics of the roofing system may be compromised if granules are lost. Further, reduction of granule loss during installation improves safety conditions on the roof.”

Granule loss due to abrasion is discussed at the last paragraph of column 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,552, wherein it is disclosed that, “Granule loss can also occur due to physical abrasion of the granular surface. This may occur any time a person walks on an installed roof for maintenance, during installation of the roofing surface or by such environmental conditions as tree branches rubbing on the granular surface and the physical contact of rain or hail with the roofing surface.”

The benefits of reducing such granule loss are discussed at lines 34-37 of column 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,552, wherein it is disclosed that, “Improved granule retention increases the useful life of the roofing system by inhibiting exposure of the asphalt layer to ultraviolet light and thus inhibiting photodegradation of the coating asphalt.”

At lines 53 (of column 4) to 10 (of column 5), the substrate used in making roofing shingles is discussed. It is disclosed that, “A variety of materials may be utilized as the substrate for the roofing materials. In general, preferred materials comprise a non-woven matting of either fiberglass or cellulose fibers. Fiberglass matting is used most widely in the asphalt roofing products industry and is a typical and preferred substrate for use with methods and in products according to the present invention. Cellulose matting, sometimes referred to as organic matting or rag felt may also be utilized. Fiberglass matting is commercially available from Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corporation, Toledo, Ohio and Manville Roofing Systems, Denver, Colo. These commercially-available substrates are utilized in preferred embodiments of the present invention. It is recognized that any fiberglass mat with similar physical properties could be incorporated into the process of the present invention with satisfactory results. Generally, the fiberglass matting is manufactured from a silicate glass fiber blown in a non-woven pattern in streams of about 30-200 micrometers in diameter with the resultant mat approximately 1-5 millimeters in thickness. Cellulose felt (dry felt) is typically made from various combinations of rag, wood and other cellulose fibers or cellulose-containing fibers blended in appropriate proportions to provide the desirable strength, absorption capacity and flexibility.”

At lines 13-39 of column 5 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,552, the asphalt used in making roofing flux is disclosed. In this section of such patent, it is stated that: “Roofing asphalt, sometimes termed “asphalt flux”, is a petroleum based fluid comprising a mixture of bituminous materials. In the manufacture of roofing it is generally desirable to soak the absorbent felt or fiberglass mat until it is impregnated or saturated to the greatest possible extent with a “saturant” asphalt, thus the asphalt should be appropriate for this purpose. Saturant asphalt is high in oily constituents which provide waterproofing and other preservatives. Substrates saturated with saturant asphalt are generally sealed on both sides by application of a hard or more viscous “coating asphalt” which itself is protected by the covering of mineral granules. In the case of fiberglass mat based asphalt roofing products, it is well understood that the coating asphalt can be applied directly to the unsaturated fiberglass mat. The asphalts used for saturant asphalt and the coating asphalt are prepared by processing the asphalt flux in such a way as to modify the temperature at which it will soften. The softening point of saturant asphalt varies from about 37° C. to about 72° C., whereas the softening point of desirable coating asphalt runs as high as about 127° C. The softening temperature may be modified for application to roof systems in varying climates. In general, conventional, commercially available, asphalt systems may be utilized in applications of the present invention.” A conventional means of making roofing shingles is discussed at columns 7-9 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,552. In the paragraph beginning at lines 46 of column 7 of such patent, it is disclosed that, “A schematic generally illustrating preparation of roofing shingles according to the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. Except for addition of adhesives as described, and modifications to accommodate addition of adhesives as described, the system in FIG. 1 is generally as presented in U.S. Pat. No. 4,352,837 Kopenhaver), incorporated herein by reference. In operation, a roll of dry felt or bonded fiberglass mat 12, (the substrate) in sheet form, is installed on a feed roll 13 and unwound onto a dry looper 14 The dry looper 14 acts as a reservoir of mat material that can be drawn upon during the manufacturing operation to inhibit stoppages which might otherwise occur when new or additional rolls are fed into the system. Dry felt, or mat 12, is subjected to a hot asphalt saturating process, indicated generally at 15, after it passes through dry looper 14. The purpose of the asphalt saturating process 15 is to eliminate moisture and to fill the intervening spaces of the fibers of the substrate 12 as completely as possible. The saturating process is conducted in a saturation tank 16 in which saturating asphalt is contained. Sufficient heat is added to maintain the saturant asphalt in saturation tank 16 as a flowable liquid, typically at application temperatures of at least about 70° C.”

In the paragraph beginning at line 3 of column 8 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,552, it is disclosed that: “Following saturation tank 16, the saturated web 17 is passed through wet looper 18 whereat it is cooled and shrunk, permitting excess asphalt material to be further drawn into the substrate. The mat 12, after saturation with saturating asphalt in tank 16, is next passed through looper 18 and is then directed into coating area 20, for uniform coating with a coating asphalt, to the top and bottom of the mat. Coating area 20 contains a material reservoir 22 and an applicator with a distributor nozzle 23, which are operated to apply the asphalt coating material to the top surface of the mat. Excess coating material flows over the sides of the substrate and into a pan (not shown) from which it is picked up by adjustable rollers 25 for application to the bottom of the web, in a uniform layer. If, the mat 12 comprises a fiberglass mat, it is well accepted in the industry that the coating asphalt can be directly applied to an unsaturated fiberglass mat, although it may be saturated first. Thus, the above-described process can be modified by feeding the fiberglass mat 12 directly from dry looper 14 to the coating area 20. At station 30, an adhesive reservoir 31 and applicator with distributor nozzle 32 are shown. The hot-melt adhesive is contained within adhesive reservoir 31 and is distributed to the upper surface of asphalt-coated web 33 by distributor nozzle 32. The adhesive may be applied in a variety of patterns and manners. In general, satisfactory results are obtained if the adhesive is applied in thin streams on the order of about 100-200 micrometers in diameter, for example with a blown-fiber adhesive spray gun such as that manufactured by PAM Fastening Technology, Model PAM 500KS. The thin streams may be applied in a random pattern or in other patterns. In general, for some improvement all that is required is that an effective amount of adhesive be applied to the asphalt-coated web 33 upper surface to which granular material is eventually applied. By the term “effective amount”, in this context, it is meant that an amount of adhesive is applied such that with respect to loss of granular material due to moisture attack or deterioration, the resulting product is improved. In addition, in many applications such an amount of adhesive will also improve dry adhesion. Hereinbelow, a “wet rub test” and a “dry rub test” are described, by which improvement can be evaluated.” The dry rub test is conducted in accordance with ASTM Standard Test D 4977, which standard test is also used in the present invention to determine the grams of granules lost.

In the paragraph beginning at line 49 of column 8 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,552, it is disclosed that: “Preferably the adhesive is distributed in thin streams of about 100-200 micrometers diameter until at least about 25% and more preferably 50-75% of the upper surface of asphalt-coated web 33 is covered thereby. Preferably, the adhesive is applied while the coating asphalt is still hot, i.e. on the order of at least 170° C. (340° F.). Still referring to FIG. 1, roofing granules are contained within hopper or blender 24. They are applied to the upper surface of adhesive-coated web 43 by gravity feed through granule distributor 42. Excess granules may be picked up by a mechanism generally indicated at spill area 46. In addition, the underside 44 of web 43 may be coated with talc, mica or other suitable materials which are applied by a distributor 48. In order to obtain proper adhesion of the granules, the sheet granules are subject to controlled pressure by compression rollers or drums 51 which force the granules into the asphaltic coating material (and adhesive) a predetermined depth. Cooling may be added to these drums or rollers to cool the hot asphalt as the granules are pressed or embedded therein.”

In the paragraph beginning at line 3 of column 9 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,552, it is disclosed that: “The web with granules embedded therein, 52, then travels through tension roller area 53 which assists in feeding the web material through the previously-disclosed process. The web material 52, with the granules embedded therein, is then fed to a finished or cooling looper 50. The primary function of this looper is to cool the sheet down to a point where it can be cut and packed without danger to the material. Subsequent to the cooling looper 50, the sheet may be fed to a roll roofing winder 54. Here the sheet is wound on a mandrel which measures the length of the material as it turns. When sufficient material has accumulated it is cut off, removed from the mandrel and passed on for wrapping. Alternatively, the sheet leaving the cooling looper 50 may be fed to a shingle cutter 56. It will be understood that the finished sheet or web may be cut to desired shapes or sizes and it may be modified, for example, by the addition of liners, application adhesives, or other modifications. The cut shapes or sizes are transferred to a stacking/packing area 58. The type of processing described above is well-known in the manufacturing of shingles or other roof materials, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,352,837, which is incorporated herein by reference.”

A “Dry Rub Test” for determining the extent of adherence of the roofing granules is described at lines 12-46 of column 10 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,552. ASTM test D 4977-89 was used for the “Dry Rub Test” used in U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,837. ASTM test D 4977-03 is used for the “Dry Rub Test” described in this specification.

As is disclosed at lines 12-46 of column 10 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,552, “The dry rub test is a standard test method for the determination of granular adhesion to mineral-surfaced roofing under conditions of abrasion. The procedure is described in ASTM standard D 4977-89, incorporated herein by reference. Dry rub tests conducted to evaluate granular adhesion in products according to the present invention, were conducted in compliance with this standard. In general, a brush with 22 holes, each containing bristles made of 0.012 inch diameter tempered steel wire (40 wires per hole, set with epoxy) was used to abrade the granular surface of a specimen of mineral-surfaced roofing. The adhesion is assessed by weighing the amounts of granules that are displaced and become loose as a result of the abrasion test. The testing apparatus is a machine designed to cycle a test brush back and forth (horizontally) across a specimen at a rate of 50 cycles in a period of about 60-70 seconds while the brush assembly rests on the specimen with a downward mass of 5 pounds ±¼ ounce with a stroke link of 6±¼ inch. The testing machine used is available commercially, as the 3M Granule Embedding Test Machine and Abrasion Test Brushes, Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing, Inc., St. Paul, Minn. A minimum of two 2-inch by 9-inch specimens were utilized for each test, and any loose granules were removed from the specimen with gentle tapping. Each specimen was then weighed and the mass was recorded. The specimen was then clamped to the test machine and the brush was placed in contact with the specimen (with activation of the machine so that the specimen was abraded 50 complete cycles, the brush traveling parallel to the long axis of the specimen). The specimen was then removed and weighed; the loss in mass then being calculated.”

It is preferred to determine the adhesion properties of the headlap granules by a procedure in which the granules are incorporated into a roofing shingle and the shingle is tested in accordance with ASTM 4977-03.

The test samples used to determine the adhesive characteristics of the coated granule particles are constructed using a petroleum based roofing asphalt which as been oxidized by blowing with air at a temperature of approximately 500° Fahrenheit, with a final Ring & Ball Softening Point of between 195° F. and 215° F. as determined by ASTM D 36, and a Needle Penetration of between 17 dmm. and 23 dmm @ 77° F., as determined by ASTM D 5, this material typically referred to in the trade as Asphalt Shingle Coating.

A commercially available bonded non-woven glass roofing fabric with a dry weight of approximately 92-95 grams/m³, consisting of sized individual “E” Glass filaments of 15.25-16.5 microns in diameter (“M” fiber) and from 0.75-1.25 inches in length, which are randomly oriented and bonded with a modified urea-formaldehyde resin binder, which has been applied to a level of 20% (dry weight), is coated on each side and saturated with a roofing asphalt compound consisting of Asphalt Shingle Coating containing at least 65% of a mineral filler such as limestone or stone dust, such compound typically referred to in the trade as Filled Asphalt Coating. The asphalt coated sheet is allowed to cool to room temperature.

The asphalt coated sheet is conditioned, preferably in an oven at 150 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 minutes. After conditioning, samples of granule particles produced in the process depicted in FIG. 1 are applied to the top surface of the warm sheet by gravity feed, and the granules particles are roll pressed into the sheet. The finished sheet is allowed to cool to room temperature and is then cut into 2 inch by 9 inch sample specimens for further testing under ASTM D 4977-03. All loose granule particles are removed from the samples by gentle tapping of the specimen

At least two sample specimens are cut for each trial, with the long dimension of the specimen in the machine direction. Specimens are conditioned at room temperature of 23° C. plus or minus 2° C. (73.4° F. plus or minus 3.6° F.) for at least 30 minutes before testing. Granule abrasion tests are done using a Granule Test Apparatus as described in ASTM Procedure D 4977-03. All loose granules are removed from the specimens by gentle tapping of the sample. Each specimen is weighed to the nearest 0.01 grams and a record is made of the initial weight of the specimen. The specimen is centered in the sample holder of the Test Apparatus with the mineral surface facing up and the long axis of the specimen aligned with the brush stroke of the Test Apparatus. The Test Apparatus is activated such that the specimen is abraded 50 complete cycles, each cycle consisting of a forward stroke and a backstroke, with the brush travel remaining parallel to the long axis of the specimen. The specimen is removed from the sample holder and any loose granules are removed from the sheet by gently tapping the sample. The specimen is weighed to the nearest 0.01 grams and a record is made of the final weight of the specimen. The difference in weights for multiple samples of the same specimen are calculated and averaged to determine the average granule loss by abrasion.

In the remainder of this specification, applicants will discuss their process for preparing the headlap granules of their invention with good adherence properties.

Preparation of Calcium Carbonate Containing Headlap Granules

In this portion of the specification, applicants will discuss how they prepare their preferred calcium-carbonate containing headlap granules.

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a preferred process 10 for preparing some preferred limestone granules of this invention. In step 12 of this process, the limestone is mined by conventional means. The limestone so mined preferably contains at least about 50 weight percent of calcium carbonate.

Limestone, processes for mining it, processes for treating it, methods of using it, and compositions containing it are well known to those skilled in the art. Reference may be had, e.g., to U.S. Pat. No. 3,601,376 (process for preheating limestone), U.S. Pat. No. 3,617,560 (limestone neutralization of dilute acid waste waters), U.S. Pat. No. 3,722,867 (method of calcining limestone), U.S. Pat. No. 3,900,434 (wallboard tape joint composition comprised of limestone), U.S. Pat. No. 4,015,973 (limestone-expanding clay granules), U.S. Pat. No. 4,026,7632 (use of ground limestone as a filler in paper), U.S. Pat. No. 4,231,884 (water retardant insulation composition comprising treated low density granular material and finely divided limestone), U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,025 (product comprising lime or limestone and Graham's salt), U.S. Pat. No. 4,239,736 (method for increasing the brightness of limestone), U.S. Pat. No. 4,272,498 (process for comminuting and activating limestone by reaction with carbon dioxide), U.S. Pat. No. 4,316,813 (limestone-based sorbent agglomerates), U.S. Pat. No. 4,390,349 (method for producing fuel gas from limestone), U.S. Pat. No. 4,430,281 (process for palletizing limestone fines), U.S. Pat. No. 4,594,236 (method of manufacturing calcium carbide from limestone), U.S. Pat. No. 4,614,755 (protective coating composition comprising a blend of polyvinyl acetate, hydraulic cement, EVA, and limestone), U.S. Pat. No. 4,629,130 (process for preparing finely divided limestone), U.S. Pat. No. 4,671,208 (clay and limestone composition), U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,226 (fluidization of limestone slurries), U.S. Pat. No. 4,781,759 (limestone and clay traction aid) U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,653 (method of bleaching limestone), U.S. Pat. No. 5,228,895 (fertilizer and limestone product), U.S. Pat. No. 5,375,779 (process for grinding limestone to a predetermined particle size distribution), U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,502 (limestone filled Portland cements), and the like. The entire disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. Referring to FIG. 1, and in step 12 thereof, limestone is mined. One may, e.g., use many of the conventional techniques used for mining minerals. Reference may be had, e.g., to U.S. Pat. No. 3,737,704 (control blasting), U.S. Pat. No. 3,775,984 (mining method and method of land reclamation), U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,927 (mining method using control blasting), U.S. Pat. No. 4,189,184 (rotary drilling and extraction process), U.S. Pat. No. 4,198,097 (method of mining), U.S. Pat. No. 4,116,488 (in-situ mining method and apparatus), U.S. Pat. No. 4,134,619 (subterranean mining), U.S. Pat. No. 4,323,281 (method for surface mining), U.S. Pat. No. 4,425,057 (method of mining) U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,429 (mining machine system), U.S. Pat. No. 5,667,729 (apparatus and method for continuous mining), U.S. Pat. No. 5,709,433 (apparatus for continuous mining), U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,539 (wall-to-wall surface mining process), U.S. Pat. No. 5,810,427 (apparatus and method for continuous mining), and the like. The entire disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

It is preferred that the limestone so mined contain at least about 60 weight percent of calcium carbonate. In one preferred embodiment, the limestone so mined contains at least about 70 (and more preferably at least about 80) weight percent of calcium carbonate. In another embodiment, the limestone contains at least about 85 weight percent of calcium carbonate. In another preferred embodiment, the limestone so mined contains at least about 90 weight percent of calcium carbonate and, more preferably, at least about 95 weight percent of calcium carbonate.

In one preferred embodiment, the limestone so mined is biodegradable. As used in this specification, the term biodegradable refers to a substance that can be decomposed by the biochemical systems of biological organisms (refer to the means, e.g., by which chickens decompose limestone fed to them). Reference may be had, e.g., to U.S. Pat. No. 3,919,163 (biodegradable containers), U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,572 (biodegradable implant used as bone prosthesis), U.S. Pat. No. 5,174,581 (biodegradable clay pigeon), U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,313 (frangible biodegradable clay target), U.S. Pat. No. 5,651,550 (biodegradable edible target), U.S. Pat. No. 5,993,530 (biodegradable resin composition), U.S. Pat. No. 6,029,395 (biodegradable mulch mat), U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,340 (biodegradable polymer films), U.S. Pat. No. 6,890,872 (fibers comprising starch and biodegradable polymers), and the like. The entire disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

In one preferred embodiment, the limestone so mined contains less than 5 milligrams per kilogram of arsenic, less than 100 milligrams per kilogram of barium, less than 1 milligram per kilogram of cadmium, less than 5 milligrams per kilogram of chromium, less than 5 milligrams per kilogram of lead, less than 0.2 milligrams per kilogram of mercury, less than 1.0 milligram per kilogram of selenium, and less than 0.2 milligrams per kilogram of mercury. As will be apparent, 1 milligram per kilogram is equivalent to 1 part per million.

In one preferred embodiment, the limestone so mined contains less than about 100 parts per million of a leachable metal selected from the group consisting arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, and mixtures thereof. The presence, or absence, of such a leachable metal may be determined, e.g., in accordance with the “Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure” (“TCLP”) that is set forth in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method SW 846-1311. This “TCLP” test is well known to those skilled in the art and is described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,963 (process for detoxifying lead contaminated materials), U.S. Pat. No. 5,193,936 (fixation and stabilization of lead in contaminated soil and solid waste), U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,620 (fixation and utilization of ash residue from the incineration of municipal solid waste), U.S. Pat. No. 5,245,114 (immobilization of lead in bottom ash), U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,003 (attenuation of arsenic leaching from particulate material), U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,982 (fixation and stabilization of metals in contaminated materials), U.S. Pat. No. 5,397,478 (fixation and stabilization of chromium in contaminated materials), U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,906 (methods for removal of contaminants from surfaces), U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,223 (immobilization of lead in solid residues from reclaiming metals), U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,234 (process for removing phosphorous and heavy metals from phosphorous trichloride still bottoms residue), U.S. Pat. No. 5,678,235 (safe ceramic encapsulation of hazardous waste with specific shale material), U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,306 (method of treating arsenic-contaminated matter using aluminum compounds), U.S. Pat. No. 5,806,908 (water insoluble heavy metal stabilization process), U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,393 (treatment process for contaminated waste), U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,685 (recycling of CdTe photovoltaic waste), U.S. Pat. No. 5,898,093 (treatment process for contaminated waste), U.S. Pat. No. 6,717,363 (control of leachable mercury in fluorescent lamps by gelatin), U.S. Pat. No. 6,383,398 (composition and process for remediation of waste streams), U.S. Pat. No. 6,590,133 (reducing lead bioavailability), U.S. Pat. No. 6,637,354 (coal combustion products recovery process), U.S. Pat. No. 6,688,811 (stabilization method for lead projectile impact area), U.S. Pat. No. 6,781,302 (low pressure mercy vapor fluorescent lamps), and the like. The entire disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

By way of illustration, the TCLP test is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,860,908, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. This patent discloses that “The leaching of heavy metal bearing wastes and human and biological exposure to heavy metal content has long been of concern to environmental regulators and waste producers. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), solid waste is classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as hazardous waste if excessive amounts of heavy metals leach from the waste when tested under the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). EPA also regulates the land disposal of certain heavy metal bearing wastes depending on the content of the heavy metals regardless of the leaching potential. In addition, several state governments require solid wastes with elevated levels of heavy metals be disposed of as a hazardous waste. Disposal of waste at a hazardous waste landfill is typically more expensive than disposal at non-hazardous waste landfills.”

Referring again to FIG. 1, it should be noted that not only does the limestone so mined contains less than 100 parts per million of a leachable metal selected from the group consisting arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, and mixtures thereof, but it also preferably contains less than 100 parts per million of a metal selected from the group consisting arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, and mixtures thereof, regardless of whether such metal is “leachable” in accordance with the TCLP test.

There has been some concern expressed that roofing granules made from slag might contain carbon-containing residues that might be mutagenic and/or carcinogenic when incorporated into living biological organisms. Thus, e.g., the “oxidation products” from cigarette smoke have been reported to contain many different mutagen and/or carcinogens. Similarly, the “oxidation products” produced by cooking a steak over a very high flame also contain many mutagens and/or carcinogens.

It appears that many roofing granules are prepared by combusting coal. Thus, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,456, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification, discusses the preparation of roofing granules from slag produced from the combustion of coal, disclosing that, “Each year many tons of materials such as slag and fly ash resulting from combustion of coal in boilers, hereinafter referred to as coal slag and coal fly ash, found in electric generating plants are produced. In the United States in 1993, for example, over 5.6 million metric tons of coal slag and 43.7 million metric tons of coal fly ash were produced as coal combustion byproducts. The greatest use of such materials is found in roofing granules and as sandblasting materials. Other uses are found in cement and concrete products, snow and ice control, and grouting materials. However, only about 55% of the coal slag and only about 22% of the coal fly ash is incorporated into useful products. The remaining amount is generally disposed of in landfills.”

Referring again to FIG. 1, and in one preferred embodiment, both the limestone mined (see FIG. 1) and the coated granular material made therefrom (see FIG. 1) contain less than 100 parts per million of a metal selected from the group consisting arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, and mixtures thereof.

Referring again to FIG. 1 and in step 14 thereof, the limestone from step is subjected to primary crushing in step 14. One may use any of the primary crushing devices and/or processes known to those skilled in the art such as, e.g., the technologies disclosed on pages 67-70 of the aforementioned Boynton book.

In one preferred embodiment, and referring again to FIG. 1, a rotary impact crusher is used to crush the limestone. These crushers are well known and are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,608,841 (rotary impact crusher), U.S. Pat. No. 3,737,678 (rotary impact crusher having a continuous rotary circumference), U.S. Pat. No. 4,844,364 (rotary impact crusher), U.S. Pat. No. 4,844,365 (rotary impact crusher), U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,192 (rotary impact crusher main wear tip), U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,131 (rotary impact crusher rotor), and the like. The entire disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

Referring again to FIG. 1, and to step 14 thereof, in one aspect of this embodiment, the size of the limestone is reduced in step 14 to minus 4 inches, i.e., the top maximum size is less than 4 inches.

Referring again to FIG. 1, and to the preferred embodiment depicted therein, the material from crusher 14 is preferably fed via linel6 to screener 18, which separates the material so fed into various size fractions. One may use any of the screeners known to those skilled in the art. Thus, e.g., and referring to pages 74-75 of the Boynton book, one must use a vibratory screener such as, e.g., a screener utilizing mechanical vibration with inclined screen surfaces, a screener using mechanical vibration with horizontal screen surfaces, an electromagnetic vibratory screener, and the like.

By way of further illustration, one may use one or more of the screening devices disclosed at pages 21-39 to 21-45 of Robert H. Perry et al.'s “Chemical Engineer's Handbook,” Fifth Edition (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, N.Y., 1973. Thus, e.g., one may use Grizzly screens (see pages 21-40 to 21-41), revolving screens (see page 21-41), mechanical shaking screens (see page 21-41), vibrating screens (see page 21-41), mechanically vibrated screens (see page 21-41), electrically vibrated screens (see page 21-41), oscillating screens (see page 21-42), reciprocating screens (see page 21-42), gyratory screens (see page 21-42), gyratory riddles (see page 21-42), and the like.

In one preferred embodiment, and referring again to FIG. 1, any material from screener 18 with particles sized greater than about 1.75 inches is preferably fed via line 20 to crusher 22, wherein it is crushed to sizes smaller than 1.75 inches and then fed via line 24 to crusher 26. By contrast, material from screener 18 with particles smaller than 1.75 inches is preferably fed directly via line 28 to crusher 26.

Crusher 26 preferably further reduces the size of the limestone particles to a top size of 0.625 inches. The “−⅝ fragment” is then preferably fed to multi deck screener 30 via line 32.

Multiple deck screeners are well known to those skilled in the art; reference may be had to U.S. Pat. No. 5,341,939, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. This patent claims (in claim 1 thereof) ”1. A vibrating screen apparatus for material screening including in combination: a frame; at least first and second elongated vibrating screen decks having first and second sides and first and second ends; first and second pivot means for pivotally mounting the first ends of said first and second vibrating screen decks, respectively, on said frame, with said first vibrating screen deck located above said second vibrating screen deck; first and second means coupled with first and second said vibrating screen decks, respectively, for rotating said first and second vibrating screen decks about said first and second pivot means for varying the angle of said first and second vibrating screen decks relative to said frame; means for vibrating said first and second vibrating screen decks; and flexible curtain members extending between the first sides and the second sides, respectively, of said first and second vibrating screen decks to ensure that material falling through said first vibrating screen deck drops onto said second vibrating screen deck.”

U.S. Pat. No. 5,341,939, in column 1 thereof, discusses other multiple deck screeners. It is disclosed in such column 1 that, “Vibrating material sorting screens are used in a variety of applications, including sand and gravel businesses and in mining operations. Such vibrating screens are used to sort material size, and typically comprise an elongated deck, which slopes downwardly from the feed end to the material delivery end. Usually, the decks are mounted in a deck holding frame, which, in turn, is supported on springs extending to a platform on a support surface. An eccentric vibrator is employed to vibrate the frame on the springs to cause a shaking of the material poured onto the vibrating screen deck to facilitate the movement of the material down the deck, and to expedite the material separation. Both the aperture of the screen and the size of the deck determines the separation size of the materials, and any material which is larger than the screen aperture finally is supplied from the end of the deck to a suitable receptacle. All material which is smaller than the screen aperture falls through the deck for further separation or processing.”

U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,939 also discloses (in such column 1) that, “In some mining applications, the vibrating screen apparatus has two decks located one above the other, with the larger screen aperture on the top deck and a smaller screen aperture on the lower deck. In the sand and gravel business, three to five decks frequently are used, with the decks progressing in screen aperture from the largest at the top to the smallest at the bottom. Usually, all of these decks are mounted together in a single frame, vibrated by a single vibrating apparatus. The slope of each deck, from the feed end or material receiving end to the delivery end, is fixed once the vibrating screen apparatus is assembled. In addition, a single vibrating weight and drive motor is used; so that the magnitude and frequency of vibration of the entire unit is the same.”

U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,939 also discloses (in such column 1) that, “When a multiple deck vibrating screen unit is employed, the magnitude and frequency of the vibration necessarily is a compromise between the optimum magnitude and speed of vibration required for the deck separating the larger size materials and the magnitude and speed of vibration required for the deck which is separating the smaller sized materials. In addition, the rate at which materials traverse the deck from the feed end to the delivery end varies, depending upon the size of the material; so that a compromise generally is made in the slope of the decks during the manufacturing of a multiple deck unit. In some cases, the slope angle of the different decks can be made to vary relative to one another; but once the unit is made, the different slope angles cannot further be adjusted in a typical deck.”

U.S. Pat. No. 5,341,939 also discloses that, “When multiple deck units having three or more decks are employed, the compromises, which must be reached between the slope or angle of the different decks and the magnitude and speed of the vibrator, result in ever greater departures from the optimum, which would be desired for each deck having a single screen size. In view of this, it is desirable to provide a vibrating screen apparatus for a multiple deck unit which may be operated with each deck vibrated independently of the others, and where the angle or slopes of the decks may be independently varied, as desired.”

One preferred multideck screener is the “Multi-Vib Screener” sold by Midwestern Industries, Inc. of Masillon, Ohio. This screener is described on the website for Midwestern Industries as follows: “Until recently, vibrating screens were calculated by using only two dimensions—width determined capacity and length determined efficiency. Midwestern Industries' Multi-Vib screens utilize a third dimension—‘depth’—in addition to width and length to calculate size.”

It is also disclosed on such website that, “The ‘depth’ dimension is accomplished by using five screening decks arranged one above the other to impart rapid vertical movement to the material being screened. The material passes through the top coarse screen to the progressively smaller screen openings below where it is retained—or passes through the finest screen on the fifth deck . . . Multi-Vib units are available in three models . . . They are powered by belt-free vibrating motors . . . ”

Referring again to FIG. 1, and to multideck screener 30, it is preferred that such multideck screener 30 comprise a 4 mesh screen, an 11 mesh screen, and 18 mesh screen, a 24 mesh screen, and a 32 mesh screen.

Referring again to FIG. 1, a portion of the material screened in multideck screener 30 may be fed via line 32 to air flow separator 34, in which the concentration of “fines content” of such material (i.e., the particles smaller than 250 microns) is reduced.

Airflow separators are well known to those skilled in the art, and they are referred to in the claims of U.S. Pat. No. 5,541,831 (computer controlled separator device), U.S. Pat. No. 5,943,231 (computer controlled separator device), U.S. Pat. No. 6,351,676 (computer controlled separator device), and the like. The entire disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

Air separators are also discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,857 (water air separator), U.S. Pat. No. 3,874,444 (duo-baffle air separator apparatus), U.S. Pat. No. 3,877,454 (air separator), U.S. Pat. No. 3,962,072 (air separator apparatus), U.S. Pat. No. 4,662,915 (powder air separator), U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,559 (rotary air separator), U.S. Pat. No. 5,244,481 (vertical air separator), U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,727 (centrifugal air separator), U.S. Pat. No. 6,053,967 (air separator), U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,479 (method and air separator for classifying charging material reduced in size), and the like.

Referring again to FIG. 1, and to the preferred embodiment depicted therein, the material fed from air flow separator 30 via line 38 preferably ranges in particle size from about 100 to about 2,500 microns, with at least 60 weight percent of the particles having sizes in the range of from about 600 to about 1400 microns. In one embodiment, at least about 70 weight percent of the particles have sizes in the range of from about 600 to about 1400 microns. In another embodiment, at least about 80 weight percent of the particles have sizes in the range from about 600 to about 1400 microns. In yet another embodiment, at least about 85 weight percent of the particles have sizes in the range of from about 600 to about 1400 microns.

In one embodiment, the material fed from airflow separator 34 (via line 38) ranges in particle size from about 500 to about 2500 microns (and, more preferably, from about 500 to about 2,000 microns). The airflow separator 34 preferably reduces the “fines content” of the particle compact so that the output in line 38 contains less than about 4 weight percent of particles smaller than 250 microns (60 mesh) and, more preferably, less than about 3 weight percent of particles smaller than 250 microns. In one embodiment, the material fed via line 38 contains less than 2 weight percent of material smaller than 250 microns and, more preferably, less than about 1 weight percent of material smaller than about 250 microns. In one embodiment, the material fed via line 38 contains less than about 0.4 weight percent of material smaller than 250 microns.

In one embodiment, the material fed from airflow separator 34 contains at least 95 weight percent of particles smaller than 3,350 microns.

In one embodiment, the material fed from air low separator 34 contains at least 95 weight percent of particles smaller than 2,360 microns.

In one embodiment, the material fed from airflow separator 34 contains at least 95 weight percent of particles smaller than 1,700 microns.

In one embodiment, the material fed from airflow separator 34 contains at least 60 weight percent of particles smaller than 1,000 microns.

In one embodiment, the material fed from airflow separator 34 contains at least 30 weight percent of particles smaller than 850 microns.

In one embodiment, the material fed from airflow separator 34 contains at least 3 weight percent of particles smaller than 600 microns.

In one embodiment, the material fed from airflow separator 34 contains at least 97 weight percent of particles greater than 425 microns.

In one embodiment, the material fed from airflow separator 34 contains at least 98 weight percent of particles greater than 300 microns.

In one embodiment, the material fed from airflow separator 34 contains at least 98 weight percent of particles greater than 250 microns.

In one embodiment, the material fed from airflow separator 34 contains at least 99 weight percent of particles greater than 212 microns.

In one embodiment, the material fed from airflow separator 34 contains at least 99.5 weight percent of particles greater than 180 microns.

Referring again to FIG. 1, and to the preferred embodiment depicted therein, a portion of the material produced in airflow separator may be periodically withdrawn via line 36 to laboratory 40, in order to test the particle size distribution of such material. The particle size analysis may be conducted by conventional means. Reference may be had, e.g., to pages 92-109 of Barry A. Wills “Mineral Processing Technology,” Sixth Edition (Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, 1997. Reference also may be had, e.g., to U.S. Pat. No. 4,288,162 (measuring particle size distribution), U.S. Pat. No. 4,736,311 (particle size distribution measuring apparatus), U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,718 (apparatus for measuring particle-size distribution), U.S. Pat. No. 5,094,532 (method and apparatus for measuring small particle size distribution), U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,787 (apparatus for measuring particle size distribution), U.S. Pat. No. 5,185,641 (apparatus for simultaneously measuring large and small particle size distribution), U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,771 (method for measuring particle size distribution), U.S. Pat. No. 5,682,235 (dry particle-size distribution measuring apparatus), U.S. Pat. No. 6,191,853 (apparatus for measuring particle size distribution and method for analyzing particle size distribution), U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,658 (particle size distribution measuring apparatus), U.S. Pat. No. 6,281,972 (method and apparatus for measuring particle size distribution), U.S. Pat. No. 6,864,979 (particle size distribution measuring apparatus), and the like. The entire disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the material fed via line 38 to mixer 44 preferably has the desired particle size distribution and a distribution modulus of from about 0.08 to about 0.14. If either or both of these values are not as desired, they may be adjusted by adding to mixer 44 more particulate material via line 46. After such addition, and appropriate mixing, sampling of the material in mixer 44 may occur via line 48; and the process may be repeated until the desired values have been obtained.

Once the desired particle size distribution in mixer 44 has been obtained, one may add a mixture of oil and antistrip agent via line 46 to coat the inorganic particles in such mixer. Alternatively, one may add either the oil alone, or the antistrip agent alone, or neither the oil nor the antistrip agent. The goal, in one embodiment, is to produce a coating on such particulate matter with a thickness of from about 200 to about 2000 nanometers and, preferably from about 300 to about 1200 nanometers.

Preferred Adhesion Improving Additives

By way of yet further illustration, one may use the adhesion improving additives (“antistrip agents”) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,038,102, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. Claim 1 of this patent describes, “1. An additive for improving the adhesion of asphalt to aggregate comprising an ether amine having the general formula: [Figure] wherein: R1 is a hydrocarbon group having from about six to about sixteen carbon atoms, selected from the group consisting of alkyl and alkenyl; R2, r3, r4 and R5 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl radicals having from one to about two carbon atoms; n1 and n2 are numbers within the range from one to about four; x1 and x2 are numbers within the range from zero to about five, the sum of x1 and x2 being from one to five; the total number of carbon atoms in each [Figure] unit being from one to about four; and an alkanolamine having the formula: [Figure] wherein: R6 and R7 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from one to about two carbon atoms; n3 is a number within the range from two to about four; x3 is a number within the range from one to about three; the total number of carbon atoms in each [Figure] unit being with the range from two to four.” Some of the “ether amines” described by such formula include, e.g., ” . . . Exemplary ether amines in accordance with the invention are octoxyethylamine, decoxyethylamine, dodecoxyethylamine, tetradecoxyethylamine, hexoxypropylamine, octoxypropylamine, nonoxypropylamine, decoxypropylamine, dodecoxypropylamine, tetradecoxypropylamine, palmityloxypropylamine, myristyloxypropylamine, hexyl dioxyethylene oxyethylamine, octyl trioxyethylene oxyethylamine, dodecyl tetraoxyethylene oxyethylamine, myristyl dioxyethylene oxypropylamine, octyl tetraoxyethylene oxypropylamine, dodecyl tetraoxyethylene oxypropylamine, octyl dioxypropylene oxypropylamine, decyl trioxypropylene oxyethylamine, tetradecyl tetraoxypropylene oxypropylamine, octyl oxypropylene oxypropylamine, palmityl tetraoxypropylene oxypropylamine, heptenyl oxypropylene oxypropylamine, decenyl dioxyethylene oxyethylamine, octenyl oxypropylene oxyethylamine, dodecenyl tetraoxypropylene oxypropylamine, octyloxybutylene oxbutylamine, decyl trioxybutylene oxybutylamine, dodecyl tetraoxybutylene oxyethylamine, palmityl dioxybutylene oxypropylamine, decyl tetraoxy propylene oxypropylamine, and dodecyloxy propylene oxyethylamine.”

By way of further illustration, one may use the amine antistripping agent disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,721,159, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. Claim 1 of this patent describes, “1. An asphaltic composition comprising an asphalt admixed with an aggregate and at the interface between said asphalt and said aggregate the reaction product of an amine antistrip and an acid salt in an amount sufficient to bind said asphalt to said aggregate; said acidic salt being a divalent or trivalent metal salt of an inorganic acid.” In the background section of this patent, it is disclosed that, “Various efforts to improve adhesion are detailed in patents such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,582,823 and 2,582,824 to Fowkes in which the amine type of antistripping agents or the use of acids and soaps, as well as the use of lime, are discussed and their disadvantages noted. In an attempt to improve these well-known problems, with respect to cut-back asphaltic compositions, there is disclosed a priming solution to be used to attain this better adhesion. For this purpose, Fowkes discloses using alkaline metal salts of certain inorganic acids to form a wet aggregate which is admixed with the cut-back asphalt. Such priming solution does not give the necessary adhesion, does not work with all types of aggregates and does not work satisfactorily with hot-mix asphaltic compositions. Under the press of heavy traffic the resultant compositions crack and lose whatever alleged antistripping function they possess. U.S. Pat. No. 2,469,728 describes another effort to improve the adhesion of the asphalt to the mineral aggregate consisting of mollusk shells in which the shells are first treated with a dilute solution of a strong mineral acid and the thus treated aggregate then coated with asphalt. Here again, such is limited to a cut-back asphalt as set forth in column 1.”

By way of yet further illustration, one may use one or more of the compositions claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,571, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. This patent claims (in claim 1 thereof), “Mixtures of amido-amines prepared by a process comprising reacting at least one first component comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of mono- and dicarboxylic acids and acid esters, with a second component comprising polyoxyalkyleneamine bottoms products, where the reaction is conducted in the temperature range from about 25° to about 280° C. and at a pressure in the range from about atmospheric to about 200 psig.”

By way of further illustration, one may use one or more of the hydroxylamines described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,772, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. This patent claims (in claim 1 thereof), ” 1. A hydraulic cement composition comprising a mixture of Portland cement and, in an amount of up to 0.1 percent by weight of said cement, an hydroxylamine selected from the group consisting of N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-propanolamine and N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-N-(hydroxyethyl)amine, said amount being effective to enhance the compressive strength of the cement composition after 1, 3, and 7 days.” In the “background” portion of this patent, some other amines which also may be used are described. It is disclosed that, “Various other additives may be added to cement to alter the physical properties of the final cement. For example, alkanolamines such as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and the like are known to shorten the set time (set accelerators) as well as enhance the one-day compressive strength (early strength) of cements. However, these additives have little beneficial effect on the 28-day set strength of the finished cement and in some cases may actually diminish it. This behavior is described by V. Dodson, in “Concrete Admixtures,” Van Reinhold, New York, 1990, who states that calcium chloride, the best known set-time accelerator and early-age strength enhancer reduces compressive strengths at later-ages.”

U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,772 also discloses that “U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,990,190, 5,017,234 and 5,084,103, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference, describe the finding that certain higher trihydroxyalkylamines such as triisopropanolamine (hereinafter referred to as “TIPA”) and N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxypropylamine (hereinafter referred to as “DEIPA”) will improve the late strength (strength after 7 and 28 days of preparation of the wet cement mix) of Portland cement, especially Portland cements containing at least 4 percent C4 AF. The strength-enhancing higher trihydroxyalkylamine additives described in these patents are said to be particularly useful in blended cements.”

By way of yet further illustration, one may use one or more of the “organic modifiers” disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,740, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. Claim 1 of this patent describes, ” 1. A self-cleaning treatment media capable of acting upon at least one chemical contaminant in an aqueous composition assisting in the decomposition of that contaminant to at least one suitable lower molecular weight compound, the treatment media comprising: a mineral-based substrate present in granular form, the mineral-based substrate being a charged material selected from the group consisting of clays, clay analogs, synthetic resins and mixtures thereof; a compound capable of providing organic surface modification to a portion of the mineral-based substrate, the organic modification compound comprising quaternary amines, wherein the quaternary amines are selected from the group consisting of ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride, hexadecyl ammonium chloride, octadecyl ammonium chloride, di-methyl di-hydrogenated tallow ammonium chloride, dicocodimethyl ammonium chloride, and mixtures thereof, and wherein the mineral-based substrate contains the organic modification compound; and at least one strain of microbial material engrafted on the surface of the mineral-based substrate containing the organic surface modification compound, the microbial material capable of facilitating decomposition of the at least one chemical contaminant in the aqueous composition; wherein the strain of microbial material has a biological activity, and wherein the organic surface modification compound is one which permits sufficient biological activity of the microbial material when the microbial material and the organic surface modification compound are both present on the mineral-based substrate.”

U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,740 also discloses how to modify the mineral-based substrate, stating that, “The manner in which organic modification occurs can be by any method known to those skilled in the art. Heretofore, it was believed that quaternary amines used to modify the surfaces of the substrates such as those discussed previously were biocidal and would de-activate bacterial material which came into contact with the amine material. The present invention is predicated on the unexpected discovery that specific classes of quaternary amines are non-biocidal to target bacteria. Indeed, it has been found that the quaternary amines employed in the present invention provide actual enhancement to the bacterial colonies inoculated on the surface of the clay or mineral material. Without being bound to any theory, it is believed that this is due to the ability of the quaternary amine material to provide alcoholic materials such as isopropyl alcohol in nutrient level concentration when the quaternary amine is employed to organically modify the substrate materials; particularly those specified in the foregoing discussion.”

U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,740 also discloses that, “The quaternary amine employed in the process of the present invention is one which will be biologically supportive of inoculated bacteria, i.e., not adversely effect bacterial activity when the quaternary amine is employed to provide organically modified clays and mineral materials. The preferred quaternary amine can be generally characterized as an ammonium compound having 12 to 18 carbon atoms. The quaternary amines employed in the present invention are preferably selected from the group consisting of organically modified hydrogenated tallow ammonium chlorides, ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride, hexadecyl and octadecyl ammonium chloride and derivatives thereof. Most preferably, the quaternary amine is selected from the group consisting of di-methyl di-hydrogenated tallow ammonium chloride, dicocodimethyl ammonium chloride, and mixtures thereof.”

U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,740 also discloses that, “In the preferred embodiment, the quaternary amine of choice is employed at a ratio sufficient to provide organic modification without adversely affecting biological activity of the target microbes or their ability to graft on the available surface of the mineral material. The preferred range of quaternary amine to clay or mineral material is between about 10% to 100% amine to clay or mineral respectively, with a range between about 10% to 45% and about 10 g to 100 g being preferred; and ranges between about 36 g to 100 g, and 48 g to 100 g being most preferred. In a preferred embodiment, the mineral-based substrate and the organic surface modification compound are present in a ratio between about 10 parts to about 100 parts; and about 5 parts to about 150 parts, surface modification compound to mineral-based substrate respectively.”

U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,740 also discloses that, “In order to prepare the biologically activated organically modified mineral material of the present invention, quantities of the mineral or clay substrate material or resin and quaternary amine material are blended in any suitable manner, in the proportions defined above, together with precultured bacteria in an aqueous medium. Blending may be accomplished by various devices such as a ribbon blender, extruder or the like. Particulars about the production of organically modified clays are generally known in the art and are as outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 4,402,881 issued to Alther, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. After suitable mixing, the resulting material which typically has a slurry-like consistency is dried and either milled to a powder or granulated.”

U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,740 also discloses that, “During the mixing process, nitrogen supplying nutrients such as standard fertilizer, urea and the like or carbon/glucose supplying nutrients such as molasses and alcohol can be incorporated. If necessary, oxygenated material can also be incorporated by including slow-release sources of oxygen such as calcified seaweed or marl. Trace minerals can also be incorporated. “

By way of further illustration, U.S. Pat. No. 6,786,963, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification, discloses certain diamide compounds that may be used in the process of the instant invention. Claim 1 of this patent describes “1. A paving composition comprising a bituminous material and a diamide compound, wherein: the composition is substantially free of water; and the diamide compound is represented by: [Figure] if A is hydrogen, B is R2 NHR3 NH2; if A is R2 NH2, B is R3 NH2; R1 is a branched or straight-chain alkyl or aromatic or alkylaromatic group; and R2 and R3 are the same or different and are a branched chain alkyl, straight-chain alkyl, or —R—NH—R, in which R is a branched chain alkyl with about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms or a straight-chain alkyl with about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.” This patent also discloses that, in its background section, that “Asphalt compositions have relatively poor adhesion to mineral aggregates in the presence of water. Since the aggregate is preferentially wetted by water, even if the aggregate is dry at the time it is blended with the asphalt, the eventual penetration of water into the composition reaches the aggregate and interferes with the bond between the aggregate and the asphalt. The result of this stripping is flaked pavement and potholes. Stripping problems also generally occur if the aggregate is poorly dried, if sandy carbonate aggregate containing a large amount of quartz particles is used, if carbonate aggregate is covered with dust, or if igneous (silicate) aggregates, such as granite, diorite, gabbro, diabase, or basalt, that strip in the presence of external water are used. To avoid such failures, adhesion-improving agents known as “anti-stripping agents” are commonly added to the asphalt. Before the mixing operation, these agents are added to the bituminous binder to reduce its surface tension and to induce on the binder an electrical charge opposite to that of the aggregate surface. Lower surface tension gives improved wettability of the aggregate, and charge reversal enhances bond strength by increasing Coulomb's attractive forces.”

U.S. Pat. No. 6,786,963 also discloses that, “Cationic substances, particularly amines, have been traditionally used as anti-stripping agents. The cationic substances increase the hydrophobicity of the aggregate, making the aggregate resistant to the penetration of water so that water seeping into the asphalt does not tend to destroy the bond between the asphalt and the aggregate. The addition of the cationic substances tends to make the aggregate sufficiently water resistant that a good bond with the asphalt is formed. Among the cationic materials which have been used as adhesion promoters with asphalt, are primary alkyl amines (such as lauryl amine and stearyl amine) and alkylene diamines (such as the fatty alkyl substituted alkylene diamines). Because these amines may rapidly lose their activity when combined with asphalt and stored at elevated temperatures for an extended period, it has therefore been necessary to combine the amine with the asphalt at the work site when the asphalt is combined with the aggregate, which in practice presents difficulties in obtaining a homogeneous mixture. It is also noted that these amines are generally corrosive and may have an unpleasant smell.”

U.S. Pat. No. 6,786,963 also discloses that, “Various asphalt formulations have been reported in attempts to enhance the properties of paving compositions while avoiding the above-described difficulties. U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,269 offers cationic oil in water type bituminous aggregate slurries. The emulsion comprises bitumen and a reaction product of a polyamine and a polycarboxylic acid, and water. Lime or cement can be added to reduce the setting time of the mixture.”

As is also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,786,963, “U.S. Pat. No. 4,721,529 suggests the preparation and use of asphalt admixtures with the reaction product of an amine antistrip and an acid salt. The acid salt is a divalent or trivalent metal salt of an inorganic acid. U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,632 suggests cationic aqueous bituminous emulsion-aggregate paving slurry seal mixtures. The emulsifier is the product of reaction of polyamines with fatty acids and rosing, and a quaternizing agent. U.S. Pat. No. 4,806,166 proposes preparation of an aggregate comprising asphalt and an adhesion improving amount of an anti-stripping agent comprising the aminoester reaction product of a tall oil fatty acid and triethanolamine. The reaction product is of low viscosity, has good coating performance, and is inexpensive. U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,610 offers an asphalt composition comprising a blend of a thermoplastic rubber polymer and a fatty dialkyl amide, and asphalt cement. The preparation method requires only gentle stirring. The amide has a C6-C22 alkyl group attached to the carbonyl, and two C1-C8 alkyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen. The compositions offer good viscosities at relatively low residue percentages. The compositions are offered for use in road paving, asphalt roofing cements, mastics, moisture barriers, joint and crack fillers, and sheeting.”

U.S. Pat. No. 6,786,963 also discloses that “U.S. Pat. No. 4,430,127 suggests preparation of a bitumen and epoxylated polyamine composition. The compositions provide improved adhesion between aggregate materials and the bitumen material. At least two of the amino nitrogen atoms are separated by six carbon atoms. U.S. Pat. No. 4,462,840 proposes use of a cation-active emulsifier which is the product of a polyamine and polycarboxylic acids. The emulsifier is useful in producing aqueous bituminous emulsion-aggregate slurries.”

By way of yet further illustration, U.S. Pat. No. 6,875,341 describes and claims the use of certain antistrip agents; the entire disclosure of this United States patent is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

Claim 11 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,875,341 describes, “11. A process for extraction of selected heteroatom-containing compounds from hydrocarbonaceous oil for use in commodity, specialty or industrial applications, the process comprising contacting the hydrocarbonaceous oil with a mixture of polar solvent and water to selectively recover heteroatom-containing compounds into an extract fraction that contains low concentrations of non-heteroatom-containing compounds by use of a solvent and water mixture in a ratio to achieve a coefficient-of-separation of heteroatom-containing compounds that is greater than 65%,where the coefficient of separation is the mole percent of heteroatom-containing compounds from the carbonaceous oil that are recovered in the extract fraction minus the mole percent of non-heteroatom-containing compounds from the carbonaceous oil that are recovered in the extract fraction.” An antistrip agent made via this process is identified in claim 12, which states, “12. The process of claim 11 wherein the extracted fraction containing high concentrations of heteroatom-containing compounds and low concentrations of non-heteroatom-containing compounds is used with little or no further processing as an antistrip asphalt additive . . . ”. Similarly, claim 13 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,875,341 discusses, “13. The process of claim 11 wherein the extracted fraction containing high concentrations of heteroatom-containing compounds and low concentrations of non-heteroatom-containing compounds is used as a feedstock for manufacture of surfactants, pyridine N-oxides, quaternary pyridinium salts, asphalt antistrip additives . . . ”

By way of yet further illustration, one may use one or more of the antistrip agents disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,839,404 (bituminous compositions having high adhesive properties), U.S. Pat. No. 4,933,384 (bituminous materials), U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,476 (bituminous materials), U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,275 (method of producing hot mix asphalt), U.S. Pat. No. 5,558,702 (asphalt emulsions containing amphoteric emulsifier), U.S. Pat. No. 5,566,576 (asphalt emulsions), U.S. Pat. No. 5,660,498 (patching system and method for repairing roadways), U.S. Pat. No. 5,667,577 (filled asphalt emulsions containing betaine emulsifier), U.S. Pat. No. 5,755,865 (asphalt rejuvenator and recycled asphalt composition), U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,333 (method for recycling and rejuvenating asphalt pavement), U.S. Pat. No. 6,093,494 (antistrip latex for aggregate treatment), U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,687 (antistrip latex for aggregate treatment), and the like. The entire disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

In one preferred embodiment, the antistrip agent is an organic amine, which may be primary, secondary, or tertiary, and which contains from about 1 to about 18 carbon atoms.

In one preferred embodiment, the antistrip agent is an amido-amine (fatty acid amine).

In one preferred embodiment, the antistrip agent is comprised of 4,4′-methylenebiscyclohexanamine. In another embodiment, the antistrip agent is comprised of mixed polycycloaliphatic amines.

In one preferred embodiment, in addition to or instead of the antistrip agent, one may use an adhesion-promoting agent, such as, e.g., the adhesion agents described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,760, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. As is disclosed in this patent (see from line 56 of column 4 to line 38 of column 5), “Suitable adhesion agents are compound(s) capable of promoting the adhesion of roofing granules to an asphalt-based substrate. Preferred adhesion agents are hydrophobic in nature, and do not significantly alter the color of the roofing granules. The adhesion agent should be compatible with the polysiloxane and the roofing granules' surfaces. Preferred adhesion agents are silicones other than those that have long-chain hydrocarbon groups. Preferred silicones are described in E. Schamberg, Adhesion, v. 29(11), pp. 20, 23-27 (1985), as well as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,486,476, 4,452,961, 4,537,595 and 4,781,950. These kinds of silicones can be purchased under the trademark TEGOSIVIN (particularly TEGOSIVIN HL100) from Goldschmidt Chemical Corporation, Hopewell, Va.”

U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,760 also discloses that, “Other adhesion agents that can be suitable include resin compositions R-20, R-24, R-27, R-270, and R-272, (Union Carbide Corporation, Danbury, Conn.), Wacker Silicone Resins MK, M-62 (Wacker-Chemi GMBA, Alemania, Germany), Dri-Sil.TM.73, Dow Corning 1107, Dow Coming 477 Resin (Dow Coming Corporation, Midland, Mich.), SR-82 and SM 2138 available from General Electric, Schenectady, N.Y., and oleic acid, Witco Chemical Corporation, Chicago, Ill. Mixtures or combinations of adhesion agents may be employed.”

U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,760 also discloses that, “The adhesion agent is employed on the roofing granules' surfaces to an extent sufficient to promote granule adhesion to an asphalt-based substrate. The amount of adhesion agent can vary depending on the composition of the roofing granules and adhesion agent. Generally speaking, adhesion agents are employed at about 0.01 to 5 pounds per ton of roofing granules (5×10−4 to 0.25 weight percent). In the case of TEGOSIVIN silicones noted above, the adhesion agent is preferably applied to the roofing granules at about 0.5 to 1 lb. per ton of granules (2.5×10−3 to 0.05 weight percent), more preferably at 0.1 to 0.3 pound per ton (0.005 to 0.015 weight percent).”

U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,760 also discloses that, “The polysiloxane and adhesion agent are preferably applied to the roofing granules as solutes in an oil solvent. The oil assists in spreading the polysiloxane and adhesion agent to the roofing granules' surfaces, and also helps reduce dust formation.”

U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,760 also discloses that, “When using an oil to apply the adhesion agent and polysiloxane to roofing granules' surfaces, the oil is employed at up to about 12 pounds per ton of roofing granules (0.6 weight percent) based on the weight of roofing granules, preferably 1 to 10 pounds per ton (0.05 to 0.5 weight percent), and more preferably 5 to 8 pounds per ton (0.25 to 0.4 weight percent).”

U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,803, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification, also describes adhesion agents. As is disclosed in such patent, “Adhesion to bituminous surfaces is also improved using ZFP and borate compounds. Adhesion is described in terms of wet and dry “pick tests,” which are described in detail in the Test Methods Section. The dry and wet pick values have units of percent (%), with a higher number indicating better adhesion, a low number indicating cohesive failure of the bituminous surface to which the granule is adhered, rather than adhesive failure of the granule from the surface. Preferred values for dry pick are at least about 75%, whereas for wet pick the value is at least about 50%, more preferably at least about 70%.” (See column 7, lines 3-14.) Referring again to FIG. 1, and in the preferred embodiment depicted therein, the antistrip agent (and/or the adhesion agent) is mixed in mixer 44 with the particulate material (from line 38) and, optionally, with an oil, such as, e.g., a naphthenic mineral oil. In one embodiment, the use of the antistrip agent is omitted, and only the oil is applied as a coating. In another embodiment, the use of the oil is omitted, and only the antistrip agent is applied as a coating. In yet another embodiment, neither such oil nor such antistrip agent is utilized.

The oil used may be, e.g., a “hydrocarbon oil,” as that term is defined in U.S. Pat. 6,358,305, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. At column 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,358,305, certain “hydrocarbon oils” are described; one or more of these “hydrocarbon oils” may be used in conjunction with the “antistrip agent” described elsewhere in this specification (or by itself) to prepare coated limestone granules. At lines 47-54 of such column 4, it is disclosed that, “The hydrocarbon oils employed in the compositions of the present invention may be either synthetic or natural in origin. These oils, referred to as process oils, can be obtained from petroleum, coal, gas and shale. The oils are of the lubricating oil viscosity range, typically in a 300 c.p. viscosity range. These hydrocarbon oils are often referred to as process oils and are available from several companies, such as Ergon Inc., Arco and Cross Oil Co.”

Alternatively, or additionally, one may use one or more naphthenic mineral oils. These naphthenic mineral oils contain a significant proportion of naphthenic compounds, and they are well known to those skilled in the art. Reference may be had to the following United States patents which refer to “napthenic mineral oil” in their claims: U.S. Pat. No. 3,980,448 (organic compounds as fuel additives), U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,429 (lubricant compositions), U.S. Pat. No. 4,180,466 (method of lubrication of a controlled-slip differential), U.S. Pat. No. 4,324,453 (filling material for electrical and light waveguide communications cables), U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,168 (metalworking lubrication), U.S. Pat. No. 4,428,850 (low foaming lubricating oil compositions), U.S. Pat. No. 4,510,062 (refrigeration oil composition), U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,917 (railway diesel crankcase lubricant), U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,350 (oxidation and corrosion inhibiting additives for railway diesel crankcase lubricants), U.S. Pat. No. 4,793,939 (lubricating oil composition containing a polyalkylene oxide additive), U.S. Pat. No. 4,781,846 (additives for aqueous lubricant), U.S. Pat. No. 5,460,741 (lubricating oil composition), U.S. Pat. No. 5,547,596 (lubricant composition for limited slip differential of a car), U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,886 (lubricating oil composition), U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,447 (process for treating the surface of metal parts), U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,723 (cooling lubricant emulsion), U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,780 (grease composition for rolling bearing), U.S. Pat. No. 6,736,991 (refrigeration lubricant for hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants), and the like. The entire disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

When both the oil and the antistrip agent is used, it is preferred that the ratio of the oil/antistrip agent used is from about 10/90 to about 90/10 weight percent. In one embodiment, from about 0.8 to about 1.5 pounds of such oil is added for each 2,000 pounds of the limestone granules in mixer 44. In another embodiment, from about 0.8 to about 1.5 pounds of a mixture of such oil and one or more of the aforementioned antistrip agent is added for each 2,000 pounds of the limestone granules in mixer 44.

In another embodiment, from about 1 to about 3 parts of oil are preferably used for each part of the antistrip compound. In one aspect of this embodiment, from about 1.5 to about 2.5 parts of oil are used for each part of the antistrip compound.

In one embodiment, from about 0.5 to about 2.0 gallons of such oil, and from about 0.5 to about 1.0 gallons of such antistrip compound are added for each ton of the limestone granules.

In one embodiment, a sufficient amount of oil and/or antistrip agent is charged via line 46 to form a coating on the particulate matter in mixer 44 that is from about 200 to about 2,000 nanometers and, preferably, from about 300 to about 1200 nanometers.

In one preferred embodiment, a blend of the oil and the antistrip compound is sprayed onto the limestone granules as such granules are being transferred through a blending screw. The rate of addition is preferably based on the rate of the atomizer as it relates to the rate of the material being transferred through the blending screw.

In one preferred embodiment, and referring again to FIG. 1, from about 0.001 to about 4 parts (by weight) of such oil, and from about 0.001 to about 4 parts (by weight) of such antistrip agent, are charged to mixer 44 for each 100 parts of particulate in such mixer. In one aspect of this embodiment, less than 2 weight percent of each of the oil and the antistrip agent are used. In another aspect of this embodiment, less than 1 weight percent of each of the oil and the antistrip agent are used. In yet another embodiment, less than about 0.5 weight percent of each of the oil and the antistrip agent are used.

In one embodiment, the oil and the antistrip agent are preferably mixed in mixer 44 which, in one aspect of this embodiment, is comprised of a blending screw. One may use any of the blending screws known to those skilled in the art. Reference may be had, e.g., to U.S. Pat. No. 3,881,708 (mixing extruders), U.S. Pat. No. 3,938,469 (apparatus for coating particulate material with finely divided solids), U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,331 (multiple-stage screw for blending materials), and the like. The entire disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

Samples may be periodically withdrawn from the mixer 44 via line 48 to be tested in laboratory 40 and to determine whether the coated particles have met the specification.

In one embodiment, the coated particles of this invention are tested to determine whether they have the required degree of hydrophobicity. One may utilize the assembly 100 depicted in FIG. 2 for this purpose.

Referring to FIG. 2, and in the preferred embodiment depicted therein, the assembly 100 tests material for its ability to resist moisture adsorption, in the accordance with the procedure described below. Prior to conducting the test, all of the materials and the equipment are preferably dried until they are substantially moisture free.

Utilizing a 5.5 centimeter round flat bottomed filter case 102 and an accompanying fitted funnel bottom 104, one may assemble the apparatus depicted onto a rubber-stoppered Buchner flask 106. In the embodiment depicted, a rubber disk 108 is preferably disposed on top of the Buchner flask 106 in order to seal the vacuum applied to such flask.

Referring again to FIG. 2, the vacuum is pulled through port 110 in the direction of arrow 112 via a vacuum pump (not shown). While a vacuum is pulled on the apparatus via a vacuum pump (not shown), a filter pad 114 (such as, e.g., a Whatman 40 gravimetric analysis filter pad) is wetted with water until it is fully wetted. Thereafter, the vacuum is allowed to remove free moisture from the filter pad.

Thereafter, the flat-bottomed filter case 102 and wetted filter pad are removed, and any free moisture from the bottom side of the filter assembly is also removed. The assembly is weighed, and the weight is recorded. Fifty (50) grams of the granular material to be tested is weighed to the nearest 100^(th) of a gram. This material is then transferred to the filter assembly without moving the filter pad on the bottom of the assembly, and the 50 grams of material are gently tapped to flatten out the sample. Thereafter, 100 grams of distilled water are weighed to the nearest 100^(th) of a gram; and the 100 grams of water are carefully poured (to avoid causing dimpling of the sample) onto the 50 grams of material which has been assembled back onto the top of the funnel assembly and is under vacuum. The vacuum is allowed to continue pulling the water through the material and through the filter pad. When the water stops coming from the filter (end point is reached when water is not visible on top of the sample and water has stopped being seen on the end of the funnel assembly for 30 seconds), the vacuum is broken and the filter assembly removed from the funnel assembly. Free moisture is then removed from the bottom of the filter assembly. The filter assembly and the wet sample are then weighed again, and the weight is recorded. The weight of the final assembly minus the (weight of dry filter assembly and wetted filter+weight of sample) is equal to the amount of water adsorbed onto the surface of the sample. This final weight of absorbed water is the reported value and can be reported as an absolute value or as a percentage of the weight of the sample being tested.

When this test is performed on treated and untreated limestone granules in the 10-30 mesh range, the untreated limestone will often absorb about 2.6 grams of water (which is 4.2 percent of the weight of the 50 gram sample). The treated limestone, by comparison, will often absorb only 1.05 grams, which is only 2.1 weight percent of the 50 gram sample.

The Moh's Hardness of the Coated Granules

In one embodiment, and referring again to the coated particles produced in mixer 44 of FIG. 1, the Moh's hardness of the coated particles from about 2.5 to about 3.5 and is often from about 2.9 to about 3.1. It should be noted that calcite, which is the predominant component of limestone, is 3.0 on the Moh's scale.

The Adhesion of the Coated Granules

In one preferred embodiment, the adhesion of the coated granules removed via line 48 is tested in accordance with ASTM Standard test 4977-03. It is to be understood that, when reference is made to “adhesion loss as determined by ASTM Standard test 4977-3,” it is to be understood that such term refers to the adhesion loss of a shingle made in accordance with the specified procedure that has been subjected to the specified rub test. This rub test procedure is described elsewhere in this specification.

Wettability of the Granules

In one embodiment, the wettability of the particles in mixer 44 is tested by a contact-angle measurement test. In another preferred embodiment, the wettablility of such particles is determined in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,793, which discloses that, “This test was used to determine the completeness of distribution of tin-acrylate polymeric binders applied to roofing granules by trying to adhere asphalt to the granules while stirring in water.”

In one preferred procedure, an asphalt was prepared that was soft enough to pour readily at about 15° C. by adding 13 parts of a Mid-Continent 54.5° C. melt point saturant to 10 parts by weight of 635 oil. The mixture was then heated with stirring at a temperature not exceeding about 120° C. until the asphalt became thoroughly dissolved in the oil. The mixture was allowed to cool before using.”

U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,793 also discloses that, “To an estimated quantity of 10 grams of granules in a 100 milliliter (“ml”) beaker was added about 50 ml of water. With a suitable spatula about 2 grams of asphalt was placed into the granules-water mixture and stirred for one minute, constantly attempting to coat the granules with asphalt. While the whole mass of granules and asphalt was under water and after cessation of stirring, the percentage of total granule surface coated by the asphalt was then estimated. Also estimated was the percentage of loose granules lying in the bottom of the beaker which are entirely uncoated with asphalt. Both percentages are reported. For example, if the percent of total granule surface covered (including loose granules) was 75% and the percent of loose granules in the bottom of the beaker was 4%, the figures reported were 75-4.”

U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,793 also discloses that, “At the end of five minutes, the mass was observed again and the percentages estimated again. Reported are the lower of the two sets of figures. Well-treated granules lie in the range of 90-100 percent with no loose granules.” (See column 10, lines 3 to 34.)

pH of the Granules

In one embodiment, the pH of the coated particles in mixer 44 is from about 8 to about 10 and, more preferably, from about 9 to about 10.

Referring again to FIG. 1, after the coated particles in mixer 44 have the desired combination of properties, they are conveyed via line 50 to mass flow silo 52. Such a mass flow silo is well known and is described, e.g., in the claims of U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,117 (apparatus for mixing bulk materials in dust, powder, or coarse grained form), U.S. Pat. No. 6,547,948, and the like. The entire disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

Preparation of a Roofing Shingle

Referring again to FIG. 1, and in one preferred embodiment depicted therein, in step 56 roofing shingles are prepared with the coated granules disposed in mass flow silo 52.

The roofing shingles may be made in accordance with the procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,888,684, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification; alternatively, such shingle may be made in accordance with the procedure described elsewhere in this specification.

As is disclosed in United States patent, “The asphaltic roofing compositions in which the novel algicidal roofing granules of the present invention are incorporated are roofing shingles, rolled roofing, and the like, having an organic asphalt-saturated felt base that is coated with an asphalt of a higher softening point and surfaced with base mineral granules having the subject inner and outer color coatings thereon. The felt layer is customarily composed of wood fibers, either alone or in combination with paper pulp, repulped paper and/or rags, asbestos fibers, or the like. Such felts are generally referred to in the industry as roofing felts. The saturants most commonly employed to saturate the felt layer include residual oil, soft residual asphalt and soft blown petroleum asphalt, and mixtures thereof. Preferred saturants generally have a ring and ball softening point of approximately 120° to 130° F. and a penetration of approximately 60 at 77° F.”

U.S. Pat. No. 3,888,684 also discloses that, “This saturated felt layer is then coated with an asphalt of a higher softening point and lower penetration from that of the saturant. Preferred materials will generally have a ring and ball softening point of approximately 175° to 260° F. and a penetration of approximately 10 to 50 at 77° F. Coating asphalts of this type include native and sludge asphalts, fatty acid pitches and the like. In accordance with customary practices in the art, this asphalt coating layer is commonly embedded with powdered or fibrous fillers of inorganic or organic origin, such as powdered silica (sand), limestone, slate dust, clay, etc., and mixtures thereof. Upon application of the asphalt coating to the saturated felt layer, the color coated roofing granules of the invention are applied to the asphalt layer surface, and the resulting roofing surface is then passed through suitable rollers and presses, quenched and otherwise treated and handled in accordance with conventional practice in the roofing industry.” (See from lines 27-63 of column 12.) One may use the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,274,243 to make the roofing shingle; the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. Claim 1 of this patent describes, “1. A method of forming a laminated roofing shingle comprising: (a) providing an indefinite length of asphalt-impregnated, felted material; (b) adhering a coating of mineral granules to at least one surface of said felted material; (c) cutting said material in a repeating pattern along the longitudinal dimension of said material so as to form an interleaved series of tabs of pairs of overlay members, each said tab, defined by said step of cutting, being of substantially identical shape and the lower edge of each said tab being defined by a smoothly curving negatively contoured edge; (d) making pairs of underlay members in a similar manner as above but wherein the lower edges of the underlay members are defined by a substantially continuously curving sinuous cut having a uniform periodic shape and amplitude such that each pair of underlay members thus formed are substantially identical; and (e) laminating said underlay members to said overlay members so as to form a series of shingles having substantially the same overall shape, wherein said step of laminating further includes the step of positioning said negatively contoured edge of each said tab directly over a substantially correspondingly curving portion of the lower edge of each said underlay member so as to simulate a series of alternating ridges and valleys of a portion of a tile covered roof.”

One may use one or more of the mats described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,622 to make the roofing shingle; the entire disclosure of such patent is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. As is disclosed in such patent, “Asphalt shingles and roll roofing have been produced in the same general manner for many years. The industry initially used an organic fibrous mat or an asbestos fiber mat as the preformed carrier. Mats of this type contributed significantly to the strength and flexibility of the finished product. Normally they were saturated with unfilled asphalt for waterproofing purposes, then coated with a thickness of filled asphalt in which a layer of roofing granules subsequently was embedded. The asphalt layer acted as a further waterproofing layer and held the granules in place. The granules and the fillers in the asphalt layer also protected the asphalt against the deleterious action of ultraviolet rays.”

U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,622 also discloses that, “Later, the industry began moving more to the use of fiberglass mats instead of the conventional organic fibrous mats or asbestos fiber mats. Because fiberglass mats are much more porous than the previously used mats, this change eliminated the need for asphalt saturant. Instead, filled asphalt previously used only for the coating layer was now used both to impregnate and to coat the mat. Thus the properties of the filled asphalt became more critical. In addition to its waterproofing and weather resistant characteristics, the filled asphalt had to contribute more to the strength of the product, providing stability against deformation at roof temperatures and withstanding stresses encountered in the manufacturing process. Also, it had to adequately resist stresses due to handling by workmen and encountered by environmental conditions such as wind loading and thermal stresses.”

U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,622 also discloses that, “The filler which has been used by the industry is mineral in nature comprised, for example, of ground limestone, silica, slate, trap rock fines, and the like, and is present in the asphalt in substantial amounts. Typically, the filler used in these conventional roofing products has a specific gravity of between about 2.5 and about 3, which is several times more dense than the asphalt which it extends or displaces (the specific gravity of asphalt is about 1.0). Thus a filler content of about 60% by weight yields a filled asphalt having a specific gravity of about 1.7.”

One may use the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,803 to make the roofing shingle. As is disclosed in such patent, “Bituminous sheet materials such as roofing shingles may be produced using the granules of the invention. Roofing shingles typically comprise materials such as felt, fiberglass, and the like. Application of a saturant or impregnant such as asphalt is essential to entirely permeate the felt or fiberglass base. Typically, applied over the impregnated base is a waterproof or water-resistant coating, such as asphaltum, upon which is then applied a surfacing of mineral granules, which completes the conventional roofing shingle.” (See column 9, lines 47-57.)

Asphalt is preferably used to making the roofing shingles. As is disclosed on page 71 of George S. Brady et al.'s Materials Handbook, Twelfth Edition (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, N.Y., 1986), asphalt is “A bituminous, brownish to jet-black substance, solid or semi-solid, found in various parts of the world. It consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons, is fusible and largely soluble in carbon disulfide. It is also soluble in petroleum solvents and turpentine. The melting points range from 32 to 38 degrees C. Large deposits occur in Trinidad and Venezuela. Asphalt is of animal origin, as distinct from coals of vegetable origin. Native asphalt usually contains much mineral matter; and crude Trinidad asphalat has a composition of about 47% bitumen, 28 clay, and 25 water. Artificial asphalt is a term applied to the bituminous residue from coal distillation mechanically mixed with sand or limestone.”

Asphalt is also described in the claims of various United States patents, such as, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,617,329 (liquid asphalt), U.S. Pat. No. 4,328,147 (roofing asphalt formulation), U.S. Pat. No. 4,382,989 (roofing asphalt formulation), U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,622 (lightweight asphalt based building materials), U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,754 (oil treated mineral filler for asphalt), U.S. Pat. No. 5,217,530 (asphalt pavements), U.S. Pat. No. 5,356,664 (method of inhibiting algae growth on asphalt shingles), U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,552 (method of improving adhesion between roofing granules and asphalt-based roofing materials), U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,449 (method of using volcanic ash to maintain separation between asphalt roofing shingles), U.S. Pat. No. 5,511,899 (recycled waste asphalt), U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,573 (roofing materials having a thermoplastic adhesive intergace between coating asphalt and roofing granules), U.S. Pat. No. 5,746,830 (pneumatic granule blender for asphalt shingles), U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,541 (method and apparatus for forming an irregular pattern of granules on an asphalt coated sheet), U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,622 (method of rotating or oscillating a flow of granules to form a pattern on an asphalt coated sheet), U.S. Pat. No. 6,095,082 (apparatus for applying granules to an asphalt coated sheet to form a pattern having inner and outer portions), U.S. Pat. No. 6,358,319 (vacuum treatment of asphalt coating), U.S. Pat. No. 6,358,319 (magnetic method and apparatus for depositing granules onto an asphalt-coated sheet), U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,058 (magnetic method for depositing granules onto an asphalt-coated sheet), and the like. The entire disclosure of each of these United States patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are used to illustrate the claimed invention but are not to be deemed limitative thereof. Unless otherwise specified, all parts are by weight, and all temperatures are in degrees Celsius.

In each of the following examples, headlap granules were used to make a sample shingle, and the sample shingle was then tested for granule adhesion in accordance with ASTM Standard Test 4977-3. The procedure for making the test samples is described hereinbelow.

The test samples used to determine the adhesive characteristics of the coated limestone granule particles were constructed using a petroleum-based roofing asphalt manufactured by the Hunt Refining Company of Tuscaloosa, Ala. This asphalt had been oxidized by blowing with air at a temperature of approximately 500 degrees Fahrenheit, to achieve a final Ring & Ball Softening Point of 215 degrees Fahrenheit (as determined by ASTM D 36) and had a Needle Penetration of between 15 decimillimeters at 77 degrees Fahrenheit (as determined by ASTM D 5). The asphalt product produced after the oxidation is hereinafter referred to as “asphalt shingle coating.”

The viscosity of the asphalt shingle coating was determined in accordance with ASTM D 4402 at three different temperatures. The viscosities were 2558 centipoise at 350 degrees Fahrenheit, 500 centipoise at 400 degrees Fahrenheit and 189 centipoise at 450 degrees Fahrenheit.

A finely divided limestone filler, “grade 85-200 mesh shingle filler,” was obtained from the Franklin Industrial Minerals Company Nashville, Tenn. This filler was blended with the “asphalt shingle coating” to a final level of 65 weight percent filler. This blended material is referred to hereinafter as “filled asphalt coating,” and it had a final Ring & Ball Softening Point of 251 degrees Fahrenheit (as determined by ASTM D 36) as well as a Needle Penetration of 6 decimillimeters at 77 degrees Fahrenheit (as determined by ASTM D 5).

The viscosity of the “filled asphalt coating,” as determined by ASTM D 4402, was 6517 centipoise at 400 degrees Fahrenheit, 1867 centipoise at 450 degrees Fahrenheit, and 1133 centipoise at 475 degrees Fahrenheit.

The “filled asphalt coating” was then applied to a commercially available bonded non-woven glass roofing fabric with a dry weight of approximately 1.68 pounds per one hundred square feet. This fabric consisted of sized individual “E” Glass filaments of 15.25-16.5 microns in diameter (“M” fiber) and from 0.75-1.25 inches in length, which are randomly oriented and bonded with a modified urea-formaldehyde resin binder, which has been applied to a level of 20.8% (dry weight). This fabric was obtained from the Johns Manville Corporation of Denver, Colo.

The aforementioned glass fabric was coated on each side and saturated throughout with the aforementioned “filled asphalt coating” at a temperature of 425 degrees Fahrenheit by using a squeegee to force the coating into the glass fabric. After the glass fabric had been fully saturated with the “filled asphalt coating,” 60 mils of such “filled asphalt coating” were applied to the top side of each sample sheet to form a coating. Thereafter, granule particles were sprinkled onto the coating as described hereinbelow.

Samples of treated, untreated and control granule particles produced for these experiments were immediately sprinkled on the top surface of the warm sheet(s); the granules were applied within no more than 5 minutes after the coating was applied. The granule particles were then roll pressed into the coated glass sheet using a 10 pound roller. The rolled-pressed samples were then allowed to cool to ambient temperature and thereafter were used for the adhesion experiments described hereinbelow.

After the finished sheets were cooled to ambient temperature, they were then cut into 2 inch by 9 inch sample specimens for further “rub-loss testing” in accordance with ASTM D 4977-03. Prior to such “rub-loss testing,” loose granule particles were removed from the samples by gentle tapping of the specimens.

At least two sample specimens were cut for each trial variant, with the long dimension of the specimen in the machine direction or press-roll direction. Specimens were conditioned at room temperature of 73.4 degrees Fahrenheit plus or minus 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) for at least 30 minutes before testing. Granule abrasion tests were conducted using a Granule Test Apparatus as described in ASTM Procedure D 4977-03. All loose granules were removed from the specimens by gentle tapping of the sample. Each specimen was weighed to the nearest 0.01 grams and a record was made of the initial weight of the specimen. The specimen was centered in the sample holder of the Test Apparatus with the mineral surface facing up and the long axis of the specimen aligned with the brush stroke of the Test Apparatus. The Test Apparatus was activated such that the specimen was abraded 50 complete cycles, each cycle consisting of a forward stroke and a back stroke, with the brush travel remaining parallel to the long axis of the specimen. The specimen was removed from the sample holder and any loose granules were removed from the sheet by gently tapping the sample. The specimen was weighed to the nearest 0.01 grams and a record was made of the final weight of the specimen. The difference in weights for multiple samples of the same specimen were calculated and averaged to determine the average granule loss by abrasion.

Examples 1-11

In the experiments described in Examples 1-11, ten different variants of treated limestone granule shingle specimens and one control specimen were tested upon completion of the fabrication of the test samples and after one week of moist storage to determine the relative granule rub-loss amounts under ASTM D-4977-03. For each set of conditions, rub loss results are reported for both un-aged samples, and aged samples (the aged samples being those that had been subjected to a water quench and stored in an un-dried state for one week.).

The limestone headlap granules used in these experiments of Examples 1 -11 were obtained from the Franklin Industrial Mineral Corporation of Nashville Tenn. as “limestone headlap granules.” They had a particle size distribution such that at least about 80 weight percent of said headlap granules had sizes in the range of from about 600 to about 1400 microns, and less than about 4 weight percent of said headlap granules were smaller than 250 microns. These limestone headlap granules were produced at the Anderson, Tenn. plant of the Franklin Industrial Mineral Corporation.

In the experiment of Example 1, the headlap granules were coated with 0.5 gallons per ton of a 50/50 mixture of an arnido amines sold as “AD-HERE” LOF 6500” (sold by Arr Maz Custom Chemicals, Inc. of Winterhaven, Fla.) and “HYPRENE 100” naphthenic oil sold by Ergon Refining, Inc. of Jackson, Miss. This oil had a viscosity of from 100 to 115 Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS), as measured by ASTM D445, an American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity at 60 degrees Fahrenheit of 24.6 (as measured by ASTM D1260), and a Cleveland Open Cup (COC) flash point of between 325 and 340 degrees Fahrenheit (as measured by ASTM D92). The un-aged sample produced with these headlap granules had a rub loss of 4.8 grams and the aged sample had a rub loss of 4.4 grams.

In the experiment of Example 2, the same mixture was used as specified in Example 1, but the application rate was 1.0 gallon per ton rather than 0.5 gallons per ton. The un-aged sample produced with these headlap granules had a rub loss of 4.5 grams, and the aged sample had a rub loss of 4.2 grams.

In the experiment of Example 3, the same mixture was used as specified in Example 1, but the application rate was 1.5 gallons per ton rather than 0.5 gallons per ton. The un-aged sample produced with these headlap granules had a rub loss of 3.8 grams, and the aged sample had a rub loss of 4.3 grams.

In the experiment of Example 4, the “AD-HERE” LOF 6500” was replaced with “AD-HERE” LOF 6500LS” amido-amine that was also obtained from Arr Maz Custom Chemicals, Inc. of Winterhaven, Fla. and was also applied as a 50/50 mixture at an application rate of 0.5 gallons per ton. The un-aged sample produced with these headlap granules had a rub loss of 4.7 grams, and the aged sample had a rub loss of 4.3 grams.

In the experiment of Example 5, the same mixture used in Example 4 was used, but the application rate was 1.0 gallon per ton. The un-aged sample produced with these headlap granules had a rub loss of 4.5 grams, and the aged sample had a rub loss of 4.7 grams.

In the experiment of Example 6, the same mixture used in Example 4 was used, but the application rate was 1.5 gallons per ton. The un-aged sample produced with these headlap granules had a rub loss of 4.9 grams, and the aged sample had a rub loss of 5.1 grams.

In the experiment of Example 7, the same amido-amine was used, but none of the oil was used. The application rate was 1 gallon per ton of such amine. The un-aged sample produced with these headlap granules had a rub loss of 4.4 grams and the aged sample had a rub loss of 4.9 grams.

In the experiment of Example 8, the same oil was used, but none of the amido-amine was used. The application rate was 1 gallon per ton of such oil. The un-aged sample produced with these headlap granules had a rub loss of 4.2 grams and the aged sample had a rub loss of 4.4 grams.

In the experiment of Example 9, the mixture described in Example 1 was used at an application rate of 1.75 gallons per ton. The un-aged sample produced with these headlap granules had a rub loss of 3.7 grams.

In the experiment of Example 10, the mixture of Example 1 was used at an application rate of 2.0 gallons per ton. The un-aged sample produced with these headlap granules had a rub loss of 4.6 grams.

In the control experiment of Example 11, neither such oil nor an amine (or other anti-strip agent) was used. The un-aged sample produced with these headlap granules had a rub loss of 4.8 grams, and the aged sample had a rub loss of 4.2 grams.

Although applicants do not wish to be bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the combination of the oil and the antistrip agent used in coating the headlap granules produces an unexpected, beneficial result.

Although the experiments of Examples 1-3 and 9-10 used a 50/50 mixture of amido-amine and oil, other mixtures will produce comparable results. Thus, from about 10 to 90 weight percent of the oil may be mixed with from about 90 to about 10 weight percent of the amine.

In one embodiment, more than one amine antistrip agent is used. In another embodiment, more than one oil is used. In yet another embodiment, one or more non-amine antistrip agents are used. In yet another embodiment, one or more non-naphthenic oils are used.

While preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, modifications thereof can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of and the spirit of the invention. The embodiments described herein are exemplary and not limiting. Many variations thereof are possible and are within the scope of the invention 

1. A mineral composition comprised of at least about 90 weight percent of headlap granules, at least about 50 weight percent of calcium carbonate, less than about 100 parts per million of a metal selected from the group consisting of arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver and less than about 100 parts per million of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, wherein said mineral composition, when tested in accordance with by ASTM Standard Test D 4977-03, loses less than 5 grams of material.
 2. The mineral composition as recited in claim 1, wherein said mineral composition is comprised of at least about 95 weight percent of said headlap granules.
 3. The mineral composition as recited in claim 2, wherein said mineral composition is comprised of at least about 60 weight percent of calcium carbonate.
 4. The mineral composition as recited in claim 2, wherein said mineral composition is comprised of at least about 70 weight percent of calcium carbonate.
 5. The mineral composition as recited in claim 2, wherein said mineral composition is comprised of at least about 80 weight percent of calcium carbonate.
 6. The mineral composition as recited in claim 5, wherein at least about 60 weight percent of said headlap granules have sizes in the range of from about 600 to about 1400 microns.
 7. The mineral composition as recited in claim 5, wherein at least about 70 weight percent of said headlap granules have sizes in the range of from about 600 to about 1400 microns.
 8. The mineral composition as recited in claim 5, wherein at least about 80 weight percent of said headlap granules have sizes in the range of from about 600 to about 1400 microns.
 9. The mineral composition as recited in claim 7, wherein less than about 4 weight percent of said headlap granules are smaller than 250 microns.
 10. The mineral composition as recited in claim 7, wherein less than about 3 percent of said headlap granules are smaller than 250 microns.
 11. The mineral composition as recited in claim 7, wherein less than about 2 percent of said headlap granules are smaller than 250 microns.
 12. The mineral composition as recited in claim 7, wherein less than about 1 percent of said headlap granules are smaller than 250 microns.
 13. The mineral composition as recited in claim 7, wherein less than about 0.4 percent of said headlap granules are smaller than 250 microns.
 14. The mineral composition as recited in claim 7, wherein less than about 0.2 percent of said headlap granules are smaller than 250 microns.
 15. The mineral composition as recited in claim 11, wherein said headlap granules are comprised of at least 95 weight percent of particles smaller than 3,350 microns.
 16. The mineral composition as recited in claim 15, wherein said headlap granules are comprised of at least 95 weight percent of particles smaller than 2,360 microns.
 17. The mineral composition as recited in claim 16, wherein said headlap granules are comprised of at least 95 weight percent of particles smaller than 1,700 microns.
 18. The mineral composition as recited in claim 17, wherein said headlap granules are comprised of at least 60 weight percent of particles smaller than 1,000 microns.
 19. The mineral composition as recited in claim 18, wherein said headlap granules are comprised of at least 30 weight percent of particles smaller than 850 microns.
 20. The mineral composition as recited in claim 19, wherein said headlap granules are comprised of at least 3 weight percent of particles smaller than 600 microns.
 21. The mineral composition as recited in claim 20, wherein said headlap granules are comprised of at least 97 weight percent of particles greater than 425 microns.
 22. The mineral composition as recited in claim 21, wherein said headlap granules are comprised of at least 98 weight percent of particles greater than 300 microns.
 23. The mineral composition as recited in claim 22, wherein said headlap granules are comprised of at least 98 weight percent of particles greater than 250 microns.
 24. The mineral composition as recited in claim 23, wherein said headlap granules are comprised of at least 99 weight percent of particles greater than 212 microns.
 25. The mineral composition as recited in claim 24, wherein said headlap granules are comprised of at least 99.5 weight percent of particles greater than 180 microns.
 26. The mineral composition as recited in claim 12, wherein said headlap granules are coated with a material selected from the group consisting of oil, antistrip agent, and mixtures thereof.
 27. The mineral composition as recited in claim 26, wherein said coating has a thickness of from about 200 to about 2000 nanometers.
 28. The mineral composition as recited in claim 26, wherein said coating has a thickness of from about 300 to about 1200 nanometers.
 29. The mineral composition as recited in claim 28, wherein said coating consists essentially of said oil.
 30. The mineral composition as recited in claim 28, wherein said coating consists essentially of said antistrip agent.
 31. The mineral composition as recited in claim 28, wherein said coating is comprised of said oil and said antistrip agent.
 32. The mineral composition as recited in claim 28, wherein said coating is comprised of said oil.
 33. The mineral composition as recited in claim 28, wherein said coating is comprised of said antistrip agent.
 34. The mineral composition as recited in claim 33, wherein said antistrip agent is an amine antistrip agent.
 35. The mineral composition as recited in claim 33, wherein said antistrip agent is comprised of an amido-amine.
 36. The mineral composition as recited in claim 33, wherein said antistrip agent is comprised of a hydroxylamine.
 37. The mineral composition as recited in claim 33, wherein said antistrip agent is comprised of a trihydroxyalkylamine.
 38. The mineral composition as recited in claim 33, wherein said antistrip agent is comprised of a quaternary armine.
 39. The mineral composition as recited in claim 33, wherein said antistrip agent is comprised of a diamide compound.
 40. The mineral composition as recited in claim 33, wherein said antistrip agent is comprised of a cationic substance.
 41. The mineral composition as recited in claim 40, wherein said cationic substance is a cationic oil.
 42. The mineral composition as recited in claim 33, wherein said antistrip agent is comprised of the reaction product of an amine antistrip agent and an acid salt.
 43. The mineral composition as recited in claim 33, wherein said antistrip agent is comprised of an epoxylated polyamine.
 44. The mineral composition as recited in claim 33, wherein said antistrip agent is comprised of a heteroatom-containing compound.
 45. The mineral composition as recited in claim 33, wherein said antistrip agent is comprised of an organic amine comprised of from about 1 to about 18 carbon atoms.
 46. The mineral composition as recited in claim 33, wherein said antistrip agent is comprised of 4,4′-methylenebiscyclohexanamine.
 47. The mineral composition as recited in claim 33, wherein said antistrip agent is comprised of mixed polycycloaliphatic amines.
 48. The mineral composition as recited in claim 28, wherein said coating is comprised of an adhesion-promoting agent.
 49. The mineral composition as recited in claim 48, wherein said adhesion-promoting agent is a hydrophobic adhesion promoting agent.
 50. The mineral composition as recited in claim 39, wherein said adhesion-promoting agent is comprised of a silicone.
 51. The mineral composition as recited in claim 28, wherein said coating is comprised of a polysiloxane.
 52. The mineral composition as recited in claim 32, wherein said oil is comprised of a naphthenic compound.
 53. A mineral composition comprised of at least about 90 weight percent of headlap granules, at least about 50 weight percent of calcium carbonate, less than about 100 parts per million of a metal selected from the group consisting of arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver, and less than about 100 parts per million of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, wherein: (a) said mineral composition, when tested in accordance with by ASTM Standard Test D 4977-03, loses less than 5 grams of material, and (b) said headlap granules are coated with a coating that has a thickness of from about 200 to about 2000 nanometers.
 54. The mineral composition as recited in claim 53, wherein said coating has a thickness of from about 300 to about 1200 nanometers.
 55. The mineral composition as recited in claim 54, wherein said mineral composition is comprised of from about 0.001 to about 4 weight percent of oil, by total weight of said headlap granules and said oil.
 56. The mineral composition as recited in claim 54, wherein said mineral composition is comprised of from about 0.001 to about 4 weight percent of antistrip, by total weight of said headlap granules and said antistrip agent.
 57. The mineral composition as recited in claim 56, wherein said mineral composition is comprised of from about 0.001 to about 4 weight percent of oil, by total weight of said headlap granules and said oil.
 58. The mineral composition as recited in claim 53, wherein said headlap granules have a pH of from about 8 to about
 10. 59. A shingle comprised of a mineral composition, wherein said mineral composition is comprised of at least about 90 weight percent of headlap granules, at least about 50 weight percent of calcium carbonate, less than about 100 parts per million of a metal selected from the group consisting of arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver, and less than about 100 parts per million of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, wherein: (a) said mineral composition, when tested in accordance with by ASTM Standard Test D 4977-03, loses less than 5 grams of material, and (b) said headlap granules are coated with a coating that has a thickness of from about 200 to about 2000 nanometers.
 60. The shingle as recited in claim 59, wherein said coating has a thickness of from about 300 to about 1200 nanometers.
 61. The shingle as recited in claim 60, wherein said mineral composition is comprised of from about 0.001 to about 4 weight percent of oil, by total weight of said headlap granules and said oil.
 62. The shingle as recited in claim 60, wherein said mineral composition is comprised of from about 0.001 to about 4 weight percent of antistrip agent, by total weight of said headlap granules and said antistrip agent.
 63. The mineral composition as recited in claim 62, wherein said mineral composition is comprised of from about 0.001 to about 4 weight percent of oil, by total weight of said headlap granules and said oil. 